Ludlow Massacre

Victims	Unknown
Location	Ludlow, Colorado, U.S. 37°20′21″N 104°35′02″W / 37.33917°N 104.58389°W / 37.33917; -104.58389Coordinates: 37°20′21″N 104°35′02″W / 37.33917°N 104.58389°W / 37.33917; -104.58389
Died	Unknown
Date	April 20, 1914 (1914-04-20)
Criminal penalty	Unknown

Ludlow Massacre

Details

Part of Colorado Coalfield War

Date

April 20, 1914

Location

Ludlow, Colorado, U.S.

37°20′21″N 104°35′02″W / 37.33917°N 104.58389°WCoordinates: 37°20′21″N 104°35′02″W / 37.33917°N 104.58389°W

Methods

Machine guns, fire

Resulted in

Tent colony burned, Tikas and roughly 20 other residents killed. Ten days of increased fighting followed by federal military intervention.

Parties to the civil conflict

United Mine Workers of America (UMWA)

Colorado Fuel and Iron Company;
Colorado National Guard
Hired Strikebreakers

Lead figures

Louis Tikas (Organiser, UMWA) †
James Fyler (Financial Secretary, UMWA)
John R. Lawson (POW)

Karl Linderfelt
Patrick J. Hamrock
Gen. John Chase
John D. Rockefeller Jr.

Casualties and losses

Deaths:
Contemporary reports: 20 (12 children, 8 adults), including 1 bystander
Modern estimate: at least 19 (12 children and 2 women) and at least 5 strikers, including Tikas^{: 222–223}

Deaths:
Contemporary reports: 3 or 4
Modern estimate: 1^: 2

Sources

Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
Andrews, Thomas G. (2010). Killing for Coal. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-73668-9. OCLC 1020392525.
Walker, Mark (2003). "The Ludlow Massacre: Class, Warfare, and Historical Memory in Southern Colorado". Historical Archaeology. New York City: Springer. 37 (3): 66–80. doi:10.1007/BF03376612. JSTOR 25617081. S2CID 160942204.
McGuire, Randall (November–December 2004). "Letter from Ludlow: Colorado Coalfield Massacre: Excavators uncover chilling evidence of a brutal assault during a 1914 miners' strike". Archaeology. 57 (6). JSTOR 41780959.
Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Martin Siebert, Erika (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
"Ludlow Massacre", Denver University
R. Laurie Simmons; Thomas H. Simmons; Charles Haecker; Erika Martin Siebert (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
"The Invention of Public Relations". Archived from the original on November 14, 2021.
Zinn, Howard (1970). The politics of history. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. p. 79. ISBN 080705450X. OCLC 67649.
United States Commission on Industrial Relations (1915). Final Report and Testimony Submitted to Congress by the Commission of Industrial Relations, The Colorado Miners' Strike. Government Printing Office. pp. 6345–8948.
McPhee, Mike (June 28, 2009). "Mining Strike Site in Ludlow Gets Feds' Nod". Denver Post. Denver. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018.
Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service.
Zinn 1990, p. 81.
Martelle, Scott (2007). Blood Passion: The Ludlow Massacre and Class War in the American West. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4419-9.
Campbell, Ballard (2008). Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History: A reference guide to the nation's most catastrophic events. p. 221.
Foner 1990, p. 198.
Lowry, Sam. "1914: The Ludlow massacre" (PDF). Libcom.org. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Zinn, Howard (1997). The Zinn Reader. Seven Stories Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-583229-46-0.
DeStefanis, Anthony R. (September 2012). "The Road to Ludlow: Breaking the 1913–14 Southern Colorado Coal Strike". Journal of the Historical Society. Springfield, Illinois: University of Illinois Springfield. 12 (2): 341–390. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00373.x.
DeStefanis, "The Road to Ludlow."
Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41–42.
Fink, Walter H. (1914). The Ludlow Massacre. Denver: Williamson-Haffner.
Fink, Walter H. (1914). The Ludlow Massacre. Denver: Williamson-Haffner. p. 16.
Zinn, Howard. "The Ludlow Massacre". A People's History of the United States. pp. 346–349. OCLC 50622172 – via spunk.org.
Zinn, Howard; Arnove, Anthony (2004). Voices of a People's History of the United States. Seven Stories Press. pp. 280–282. ISBN 9781583226285.
Julia, Courtney (May 1914). "Remember Ludow!". Mother Earth: 73.
Sunseri, Alvin (1972). "The Ludlow Massacre: A study in the mis-employment of the National Guard". University of Northern Iowa. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Edward J. Boughton (May 2, 1914). Ludlow, Being the report of the special board of officers appointed by the governor of Colorado to investigate and determine the facts with reference to the armed conflict between the Colorado National Guard and certain persons engaged in the coal mining strike at Ludlow, Colo., April 20, 1914 (Report). Denver: Williamson-Haffner Co.
Dehler, Gregory. "Ludlow Massacre". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
Fink, Walter H. (1914). The Ludlow Massacre. Denver, Colorado: United Mine Workers Association District 15. p. 25. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
Newton-Matza, Mitchell (March 26, 2014). Disasters and Tragic Events: An Encyclopedia of Catastrophes in American History [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 223. ISBN 9781610691666.
Norwood, Stephen H. (April 3, 2003). Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780807860465.
Danver, Steven Laurence (2011). Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 710. ISBN 9781598842210.
Johnson, Marilynn S. (June 5, 2014). Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and the Ludlow Massacre—A Brief History with Documents. Waveland Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781478623045.
Zinn, Howard; Frank, Dana; Kelley, Robin D. G. (2002). Three Strikes: Miners, Musicians, Salesgirls, and the Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century. Beacon Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780807050132.
Weir, Robert E. (2013). Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 153. ISBN 9781598847185.
Zinn, Howard; Frank, Dana; Kelley, Robin D. G. (2002). Three Strikes: Miners, Musicians, Salesgirls, and the Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century. Beacon Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780807050132.
yongli (September 21, 2016). "Rev. John O. Ferris". coloradoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
"Children of Ludlow". C-SPAN. July 11, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
"Cheyenne Record May 7, 1914 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection". www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
Wallace, Mike (2017). Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919. Oxford University Press. p. 1036. ISBN 978-0-19-511635-9.
Robert L. Heath, ed.. Encyclopedia of Public Relations (2005) 1:485
Plotnikoff, David (December 20, 2012). "Zinn's influential history textbook has problems, says Stanford education expert". Stanford Report. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
Wilentz, Sean (February 1, 2010). "An experts' history of Howard Zinn". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
1=Beneke, Chris; Stephens, Randall (July 24, 2012). "Lies the Debunkers Told Me: How Bad History Books Win Us Over Historian, United States Senator and Democratic presidential nominee". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 94.
Kesting, Amanda (January 12, 2018). "One of the last living survivors of the Ludlow Massacre celebrates 104th birthday". Retrieved April 20, 2021.
"E. Marie Daley Obituary". Dignity Memorial. United States: SCI Shared Resources, LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
Lloyd, Carol V. "Song Lyrics as Texts to Develop Critical Literacy". Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
Addison, Darryl (August 23, 2013). "GAC Album Review: Jason Boland & The Stragglers' Dark & Dirty Mile". WRHI. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
Sleeve notes from Andy Irvine – Rain on the Roof, Andy Irvine AK-1, 1996.
Suggs Jr., George G. (1978). "Book Review – The Coal War: A Sequel to "King Coal" by Upton Sinclair". The Western Historical Quarterly. 9 (2): 233. doi:10.2307/966845. JSTOR 966845.
Narkunas, J. Paul (February 24, 2011). "Representing Ethnic Wars in Against the Day". In Severs, Jeffrey; Leise, Christopher (eds.). Pynchon's Against the Day: A Corrupted Pilgrim's Guide. Lexington Books. p. 258. ISBN 9781611490657.
Kooser, Ted. "Mason succeeds in telling story of Ludlow Massacre through pages of poetry". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
Hansen, Kelly Dean (May 27, 2012). "Ludlow Massacre gets opera treatment". Daily Camera. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
"National Register Information System – (#85001328)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
"Ludlow Town Colony Site". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
"NHL nomination for Ludlow Tent Colony Site" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
Picture of Ludlow Monument
News Release: Interior Secretary Kempthorne Designates 9 National Historic Landmarks in 9 States (01/16/2009)
"Gov. Hickenlooper creates Ludlow Centennial Commemoration Commission". Colorado: The Official State Web Portal. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Saitta, Dean (August 30, 2013). "Deadly Ludlow strike resonates 100 years later". Denver Post. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
McGuire 2008, p. 189.

Ludlow Massacre

Victims	Unknown
Location	Ludlow, Colorado, U.S. 37°20′21″N 104°35′02″W / 37.33917°N 104.58389°W / 37.33917; -104.58389Coordinates: 37°20′21″N 104°35′02″W / 37.33917°N 104.58389°W / 37.33917; -104.58389
Died	Unknown
Date	April 20, 1914 (1914-04-20)
Criminal penalty	Unknown

Introduction

Colorado Coalfield War
1913–1914

Strikers

Company

Government

National Guard

Events

Ludlow Massacre
10-Day War

Locations

Commemorations

Labor disputes by sector

Agricultural strikes

1800s

Thibodaux sugar 1887
Cotton pickers 1891

1900s–1920s

1930s

Imperial lettuce 1930
Santa Clara cannery 1931
Vacaville tree pruners 1932
Wisconsin milk 1933
Yakima hops 1933
California agricultural (Santa Clara cherry, El Monte berry) 1933
Great lumber 1935
Stockton cannery 1937

1940s–present

Hawaiian sugar 1946
Puget Sound fishermen 1949

Delano grape (1965–1970)
Salad Bowl 1970
Watsonville Cannery (1985–1987)
Frito-Lay 2021

Coal strikes

1870s – 1900s

1910s

1920s – 1930s

1940s – 2020s

General strikes

1800s

Philadelphia 1835

St. Louis
Scranton 1877

First May Day (Haymarket Affair) 1886

New Orleans 1892

1900s

Sweden 1909

Philadelphia 1910

Vancouver 1918

Seattle
Winnipeg 1919

Berlin 1920

San Francisco
Minneapolis 1934

Oakland 1946

Austria 1950

Finland 1956

Paraguay 1958

Uruguay 1973

Spain 1988

Nepal 1992

2000s

Guinea 2007

Egypt 2008

French Caribbean 2009

Spain 2010

European 2012

India 2016

Brazil
Catalan 2017

Catalan 2019

US manufacturing strikes

1800s–1920s

1930s–1970s

1980s–2000s

2010s–2020s

v t e Metal mining strikes
1800s Upper Peninsula 1865 Coeur d'Alene 1892 Cripple Creek 1894 Leadville 1896–97 Coeur d'Alene 1899 1900s–1920s Colorado Labor Wars (Idaho Springs) 1903–04 Cananea 1906 Goldfield 1906–07 Copper Country 1913–14 Bisbee 1917 Anaconda Road 1920 1930s–1970s Empire Zinc 1950 Murdochville 1957 Inco 1978

Transport strikes

1800s

Great Railroad Strike 1877

1900s–1920s

1930s–1970s

1980s–2000s

Service strikes
in the United States

1800s–1920s

Newsboys 1899
NYC waiters 1912

Actors 1919
Boston police 1919

1930s–1970s

Baltimore municipal (police) 1974
Atlanta sanitation 1977

1980s–2000s

2010s

Government (Wisconsin) 2011
Fight for $15 2012–2019
Tacoma nurses 2014
Verizon 2016
Video games 2016
Teachers (AZ, CO, LA, NC, OK, WV) 2018–2019
Hotels 2018
Stop & Shop 2019

2020s

Santa Cruz University 2020

v t e Steel strikes
1800s–1920s Homestead 1892 U.S. Steel recognition 1901 Pressed Steel Car 1909 Great Steel 1919 1930s–1970s Little Steel (Memorial Day massacre) 1937 National 1952 National 1959 1980s–2020s USX 1986 Allegheny Technologies 2021

Transit strikes

Streetcar strikes

St. Louis 1900
Los Angeles 1903
San Francisco 1907
Pensacola 1908
Columbus 1910
Philadelphia 1910
Indianapolis 1913
St. John 1914
Atlanta 1916
Portland 1916
Los Angeles 1919
Denver 1920
New Orleans 1929

1930s–1970s

Atlanta 1950

New York City (1966)

1980s–2020s

Greyhound 1983

Lyft and Uber 2019

Go North West 2021

Textile strikes in United States

1800s

1900s–1920s

1930s–1970s

1980s–2000s

NYC Chinatown 1982

Coal strikes

1870s – 1900s

1910s

1920s – 1930s

1940s – 2020s

Sources

Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
Andrews, Thomas G. (2010). Killing for Coal. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-73668-9. OCLC 1020392525.
Walker, Mark (2003). "The Ludlow Massacre: Class, Warfare, and Historical Memory in Southern Colorado". Historical Archaeology. New York City: Springer. 37 (3): 66–80. doi:10.1007/BF03376612. JSTOR 25617081. S2CID 160942204.
McGuire, Randall (November–December 2004). "Letter from Ludlow: Colorado Coalfield Massacre: Excavators uncover chilling evidence of a brutal assault during a 1914 miners' strike". Archaeology. 57 (6). JSTOR 41780959.
Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Martin Siebert, Erika (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
"Ludlow Massacre", Denver University
R. Laurie Simmons; Thomas H. Simmons; Charles Haecker; Erika Martin Siebert (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
"The Invention of Public Relations". Archived from the original on November 14, 2021.
Zinn, Howard (1970). The politics of history. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. p. 79. ISBN 080705450X. OCLC 67649.
United States Commission on Industrial Relations (1915). Final Report and Testimony Submitted to Congress by the Commission of Industrial Relations, The Colorado Miners' Strike. Government Printing Office. pp. 6345–8948.
McPhee, Mike (June 28, 2009). "Mining Strike Site in Ludlow Gets Feds' Nod". Denver Post. Denver. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018.
Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service.
Zinn 1990, p. 81.
Martelle, Scott (2007). Blood Passion: The Ludlow Massacre and Class War in the American West. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4419-9.
Campbell, Ballard (2008). Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History: A reference guide to the nation's most catastrophic events. p. 221.
Foner 1990, p. 198.
Lowry, Sam. "1914: The Ludlow massacre" (PDF). Libcom.org. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Zinn, Howard (1997). The Zinn Reader. Seven Stories Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-583229-46-0.
DeStefanis, Anthony R. (September 2012). "The Road to Ludlow: Breaking the 1913–14 Southern Colorado Coal Strike". Journal of the Historical Society. Springfield, Illinois: University of Illinois Springfield. 12 (2): 341–390. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00373.x.
DeStefanis, "The Road to Ludlow."
Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41–42.
Fink, Walter H. (1914). The Ludlow Massacre. Denver: Williamson-Haffner.
Fink, Walter H. (1914). The Ludlow Massacre. Denver: Williamson-Haffner. p. 16.
Zinn, Howard. "The Ludlow Massacre". A People's History of the United States. pp. 346–349. OCLC 50622172 – via spunk.org.
Zinn, Howard; Arnove, Anthony (2004). Voices of a People's History of the United States. Seven Stories Press. pp. 280–282. ISBN 9781583226285.
Julia, Courtney (May 1914). "Remember Ludow!". Mother Earth: 73.
Sunseri, Alvin (1972). "The Ludlow Massacre: A study in the mis-employment of the National Guard". University of Northern Iowa. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Edward J. Boughton (May 2, 1914). Ludlow, Being the report of the special board of officers appointed by the governor of Colorado to investigate and determine the facts with reference to the armed conflict between the Colorado National Guard and certain persons engaged in the coal mining strike at Ludlow, Colo., April 20, 1914 (Report). Denver: Williamson-Haffner Co.
Dehler, Gregory. "Ludlow Massacre". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
Fink, Walter H. (1914). The Ludlow Massacre. Denver, Colorado: United Mine Workers Association District 15. p. 25. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
Newton-Matza, Mitchell (March 26, 2014). Disasters and Tragic Events: An Encyclopedia of Catastrophes in American History [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 223. ISBN 9781610691666.
Norwood, Stephen H. (April 3, 2003). Strikebreaking and Intimidation: Mercenaries and Masculinity in Twentieth-Century America. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780807860465.
Danver, Steven Laurence (2011). Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 710. ISBN 9781598842210.
Johnson, Marilynn S. (June 5, 2014). Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and the Ludlow Massacre—A Brief History with Documents. Waveland Press. p. 28. ISBN 9781478623045.
Zinn, Howard; Frank, Dana; Kelley, Robin D. G. (2002). Three Strikes: Miners, Musicians, Salesgirls, and the Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century. Beacon Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780807050132.
Weir, Robert E. (2013). Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 153. ISBN 9781598847185.
Zinn, Howard; Frank, Dana; Kelley, Robin D. G. (2002). Three Strikes: Miners, Musicians, Salesgirls, and the Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century. Beacon Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780807050132.
yongli (September 21, 2016). "Rev. John O. Ferris". coloradoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
"Children of Ludlow". C-SPAN. July 11, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
"Cheyenne Record May 7, 1914 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection". www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
Wallace, Mike (2017). Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919. Oxford University Press. p. 1036. ISBN 978-0-19-511635-9.
Robert L. Heath, ed.. Encyclopedia of Public Relations (2005) 1:485
Plotnikoff, David (December 20, 2012). "Zinn's influential history textbook has problems, says Stanford education expert". Stanford Report. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
Wilentz, Sean (February 1, 2010). "An experts' history of Howard Zinn". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
1=Beneke, Chris; Stephens, Randall (July 24, 2012). "Lies the Debunkers Told Me: How Bad History Books Win Us Over Historian, United States Senator and Democratic presidential nominee". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 94.
Kesting, Amanda (January 12, 2018). "One of the last living survivors of the Ludlow Massacre celebrates 104th birthday". Retrieved April 20, 2021.
"E. Marie Daley Obituary". Dignity Memorial. United States: SCI Shared Resources, LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
Lloyd, Carol V. "Song Lyrics as Texts to Develop Critical Literacy". Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
Addison, Darryl (August 23, 2013). "GAC Album Review: Jason Boland & The Stragglers' Dark & Dirty Mile". WRHI. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
Sleeve notes from Andy Irvine – Rain on the Roof, Andy Irvine AK-1, 1996.
Suggs Jr., George G. (1978). "Book Review – The Coal War: A Sequel to "King Coal" by Upton Sinclair". The Western Historical Quarterly. 9 (2): 233. doi:10.2307/966845. JSTOR 966845.
Narkunas, J. Paul (February 24, 2011). "Representing Ethnic Wars in Against the Day". In Severs, Jeffrey; Leise, Christopher (eds.). Pynchon's Against the Day: A Corrupted Pilgrim's Guide. Lexington Books. p. 258. ISBN 9781611490657.
Kooser, Ted. "Mason succeeds in telling story of Ludlow Massacre through pages of poetry". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
Hansen, Kelly Dean (May 27, 2012). "Ludlow Massacre gets opera treatment". Daily Camera. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
"National Register Information System – (#85001328)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
"Ludlow Town Colony Site". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
"NHL nomination for Ludlow Tent Colony Site" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
Picture of Ludlow Monument
News Release: Interior Secretary Kempthorne Designates 9 National Historic Landmarks in 9 States (01/16/2009)
"Gov. Hickenlooper creates Ludlow Centennial Commemoration Commission". Colorado: The Official State Web Portal. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Saitta, Dean (August 30, 2013). "Deadly Ludlow strike resonates 100 years later". Denver Post. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
McGuire 2008, p. 189.

Ludlow Massacre

Details

Related

Sources

Ludlow Massacre

Introduction

Related

Sources