Gnadenhutten massacre

Victims	Unknown
Location	Gnadenhutten, Ohio Country
Died	8 March 1782, Gnadenhutten, Ohio
Date	March 8, 1782
Criminal penalty	Unknown

Details

Gnadenhutten Massacre

Part of the American Revolutionary War

An 1852 woodcut depicting the Gnadenhutten Massacre

Date	March 8, 1782
Location	Gnadenhutten, Ohio Country
Result	96 unarmed civilians killed

Sources

"Gnadenhutten", Ohio History Central (Retrieved 2018-06-30.
Ricky, Donald (1 January 2009). Native Peoples A to Z: A Reference Guide to Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Native American Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-878592-73-6.
Diary of David Zeisberger. R. Clarke & Company. 1885. p. xxvii.
Dennis, Yvonne Wakim; Hirschfelder, Arlene (1 December 2018). Native American Landmarks and Festivals: A Traveler's Guide to Indigenous United States and Canada. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-694-2.
Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (30 September 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
Davis, Cindy (12 March 2017). "Event marks massacre of Moravian Delaware Indians in Gnaden". The Times Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
Ricky, Donald (1 January 2001). Encyclopedia of North Dakota Indians. Somerset Publishers. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-403-09632-9.
Gutchess, Alan D. (2016). "The Forgotten Survivors of Gnadenhutten". Western Pennsylvania History Magazine. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
Schultz, Kevin M. (1 October 2015). HIST4, Volume 1. Cengage Learning. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-305-53395-0.
Thompson, Robert (12 March 2013). A Woman of Courage on the West Virginia Frontier: Phebe Tucker Cunningham. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62584-011-0.
Diary of David Zeisberger, a Moravian missionary among the Indians of Ohio. R. Clarke & Company. 1885. p. 80-81, 83.
The Westerners Brand Book, Volumes 5-9. 1948. p. 31.
Schutt, Amy C. (1 March 2013). Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8122-0379-0.
James Bradley Finley (1855). The Christian Miscellany and Family Visiter, Volume 1. John Mason. p. 20, 21.
The Moravian, Volumes 104-106. Board of Christian Education and Evangelism of the Moravian Church. 1959. p. 10. The service was concluded, traditionally, in the cemetery in which the ninety Christian Indian martyrs lie buried.
Zrinski, Tara (9 September 2011). "Guest Minister Reminds Moravians of Pacifist Roots". Patch. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
Michel, Bernard E. (1952). Moravian Travel Guide. Comenius Press. p. 12. A monument on the cemetery memorializes the martyred Indians.
Roosevelt, Theodore, The Winning of the West, Volume 2, p. 145. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1889.
Wilcox, Frank N. (1933). Ohio Indian Trails (2 ed.). The monument to the Moravian martyrs at Gnadenhutten stands upon the site of the Indian town, now the modern cemetery. The small mounds mark the graves of the victims whose bones were gathered by the faithful missionaries some time after the massacre. At Goshen, a short distance up the Tuscarawas, is the grave of the leader Zeisberger.
Stewart, G.T.; Gallup, C.H. (1899). The Firelands Pioneer. Firelands Historical Society. p. 246. In the village cemetery, where lie the dead of a century, stands a huge granite monument. This graceful shaft marks the resting place of ninety Christian Indian martyrs whose ruthless butchery furnishes one of the darkest pages in American history.
Stein, Teri (10 March 2020). Day of Remembrance highlights Moravian Delaware perspective. The Bargain Hunter. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
Valentini, Kyle (15 March 2019). "Gnadenhutten Remembrance Day observed in the village". The Bargain Hunter. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
"History of Gnadenhutten" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
William Dean Howells, "Gnadenhütten," Three Villages, Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1884., accessed 19 Mar 2010
Wellenreuther, Hermann. "The Succession of Head Chiefs and the Delaware Culture of Consent: The Delaware Nation, David Zeisberger, and Modern Ethnography", In A. G. Roeber, ed., Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early America. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008. 31–48.
White, Richard (1 November 2010). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge University Press. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-139-49568-4.
Tuscarawas, Freepages, Rootsweb.
Mansfield, John Brandt (1884). The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Gordon Printing. p. 295-303.
"Burial place of Indian Martyrs at Gnadenhutten". Ohio History Collection. June 6, 2017.
Col. J.T. Holmes, The American Family of Rev. Obadiah Holmes (Columbus, Ohio: 1915)
"Gnadenhutten massacre burial mound". Ohio Memory. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (25 June 2013). Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-59884-926-4.
MacMinn, Edwin (2005). On the Frontier with Colonel Antes. Wennawoods Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-889037-41-7.
Kennedy, Frances H. (23 September 2008). American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-547-52367-5.
Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Historical Society. 1910. pp. 317–319.
Mast, Greg (6 March 2020). "Munsee tribe remembers historic massacre". Ottawa Herald. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
Olmstead, Earl P. (1997). David Zeisberger: A Life Among the Indians. Kent State University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-87338-568-8.
Eckert, Allan W. (2001). The Frontiersmen: A Narrative. Ashland, Kentucky, USA: Jesse Stuart Foundation. p. 252. ISBN 978-0945084914.
Ohio Federal Writers' Project (1939). Guide to Tuscarawas County. Tucker Printing Company. p. 15.
Belue, Ted Franklin. "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition," The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia 1: 416–420. Ed. Richard L. Blanco. New York: Garland, 1993. ISBN 0-8240-5623-X.
Howe, Henry. Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio. Vol. 1. pp. 589–90.
Tecumseh's Speech of August 11, 1810

Gnadenhutten massacre

Victims	Unknown
Location	Gnadenhutten, Ohio Country
Died	8 March 1782, Gnadenhutten, Ohio
Date	March 8, 1782
Criminal penalty	Unknown

Introduction

v t e Western theater
1st Fort Henry Siege of Boonesborough Illinois Vincennes Treaty of Fort Pitt Fort Laurens Chillicothe St. Louis Bird's expedition Piqua La Balme's Defeat Fort St. Joseph Coshocton Lochry's Defeat Long Run Gnadenhütten Little Mountain Crawford expedition Bryan Station Blue Licks 2nd Fort Henry Clark's Raid of 1782 Arkansas Post

Sources

"Gnadenhutten", Ohio History Central (Retrieved 2018-06-30.
Ricky, Donald (1 January 2009). Native Peoples A to Z: A Reference Guide to Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Native American Book Publishers. ISBN 978-1-878592-73-6.
Diary of David Zeisberger. R. Clarke & Company. 1885. p. xxvii.
Dennis, Yvonne Wakim; Hirschfelder, Arlene (1 December 2018). Native American Landmarks and Festivals: A Traveler's Guide to Indigenous United States and Canada. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-694-2.
Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (30 September 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
Davis, Cindy (12 March 2017). "Event marks massacre of Moravian Delaware Indians in Gnaden". The Times Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
Ricky, Donald (1 January 2001). Encyclopedia of North Dakota Indians. Somerset Publishers. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-403-09632-9.
Gutchess, Alan D. (2016). "The Forgotten Survivors of Gnadenhutten". Western Pennsylvania History Magazine. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
Schultz, Kevin M. (1 October 2015). HIST4, Volume 1. Cengage Learning. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-305-53395-0.
Thompson, Robert (12 March 2013). A Woman of Courage on the West Virginia Frontier: Phebe Tucker Cunningham. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62584-011-0.
Diary of David Zeisberger, a Moravian missionary among the Indians of Ohio. R. Clarke & Company. 1885. p. 80-81, 83.
The Westerners Brand Book, Volumes 5-9. 1948. p. 31.
Schutt, Amy C. (1 March 2013). Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8122-0379-0.
James Bradley Finley (1855). The Christian Miscellany and Family Visiter, Volume 1. John Mason. p. 20, 21.
The Moravian, Volumes 104-106. Board of Christian Education and Evangelism of the Moravian Church. 1959. p. 10. The service was concluded, traditionally, in the cemetery in which the ninety Christian Indian martyrs lie buried.
Zrinski, Tara (9 September 2011). "Guest Minister Reminds Moravians of Pacifist Roots". Patch. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
Michel, Bernard E. (1952). Moravian Travel Guide. Comenius Press. p. 12. A monument on the cemetery memorializes the martyred Indians.
Roosevelt, Theodore, The Winning of the West, Volume 2, p. 145. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1889.
Wilcox, Frank N. (1933). Ohio Indian Trails (2 ed.). The monument to the Moravian martyrs at Gnadenhutten stands upon the site of the Indian town, now the modern cemetery. The small mounds mark the graves of the victims whose bones were gathered by the faithful missionaries some time after the massacre. At Goshen, a short distance up the Tuscarawas, is the grave of the leader Zeisberger.
Stewart, G.T.; Gallup, C.H. (1899). The Firelands Pioneer. Firelands Historical Society. p. 246. In the village cemetery, where lie the dead of a century, stands a huge granite monument. This graceful shaft marks the resting place of ninety Christian Indian martyrs whose ruthless butchery furnishes one of the darkest pages in American history.
Stein, Teri (10 March 2020). Day of Remembrance highlights Moravian Delaware perspective. The Bargain Hunter. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
Valentini, Kyle (15 March 2019). "Gnadenhutten Remembrance Day observed in the village". The Bargain Hunter. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
"History of Gnadenhutten" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
"National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
William Dean Howells, "Gnadenhütten," Three Villages, Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1884., accessed 19 Mar 2010
Wellenreuther, Hermann. "The Succession of Head Chiefs and the Delaware Culture of Consent: The Delaware Nation, David Zeisberger, and Modern Ethnography", In A. G. Roeber, ed., Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early America. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008. 31–48.
White, Richard (1 November 2010). The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge University Press. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-139-49568-4.
Tuscarawas, Freepages, Rootsweb.
Mansfield, John Brandt (1884). The History of Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Gordon Printing. p. 295-303.
"Burial place of Indian Martyrs at Gnadenhutten". Ohio History Collection. June 6, 2017.
Col. J.T. Holmes, The American Family of Rev. Obadiah Holmes (Columbus, Ohio: 1915)
"Gnadenhutten massacre burial mound". Ohio Memory. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (25 June 2013). Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-59884-926-4.
MacMinn, Edwin (2005). On the Frontier with Colonel Antes. Wennawoods Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-889037-41-7.
Kennedy, Frances H. (23 September 2008). American Indian Places: A Historical Guidebook. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-547-52367-5.
Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Historical Society. 1910. pp. 317–319.
Mast, Greg (6 March 2020). "Munsee tribe remembers historic massacre". Ottawa Herald. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
Olmstead, Earl P. (1997). David Zeisberger: A Life Among the Indians. Kent State University Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-87338-568-8.
Eckert, Allan W. (2001). The Frontiersmen: A Narrative. Ashland, Kentucky, USA: Jesse Stuart Foundation. p. 252. ISBN 978-0945084914.
Ohio Federal Writers' Project (1939). Guide to Tuscarawas County. Tucker Printing Company. p. 15.
Belue, Ted Franklin. "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition," The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia 1: 416–420. Ed. Richard L. Blanco. New York: Garland, 1993. ISBN 0-8240-5623-X.
Howe, Henry. Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio. Vol. 1. pp. 589–90.
Tecumseh's Speech of August 11, 1810

Gnadenhutten massacre

Details

Related

Sources

Gnadenhutten massacre

Introduction

Related

Sources